Eruptions+!

Supervolcanoes!

**__ What is exactly a volcano? __**  Volcano is a term that comes from Roman mythology. Concretely from Vulcano, who represents the power of fire. Inside our planet, there are diversal materials like rocks or minerals (silicon, iron and silver or gold in minor proportion). Because of high pressures accumulates, it generates thousands of degrees which fuses these materials. In that way rocks becomes magma. When the convection currents of magma ascends it is possible that breaks the surface of lithospheric plaits or crust. Unless it breaks the surface, magma is kept in a magma chamber. If magma arises it forms a volcano. We pay special attention in the structure of volcano because everyone think in a mountain, but this is not absolutely true. When a volcano explodes it forms a crater on surface. The accumulation of ashes and lava solified of several eruptions forms the volcano cone (the typical mountain).

Volcanos only appear on limits of tectonic plates (divergence zones) where plates are separated. Volcanos can appear also in called hot-spots. These zones must not have volcanic activity because they are not in limit of lithospheric plaits, but on these points might exist some volcanos. Canarias or Hawaii isles are the more evident examples of hot-spots.

**__ What different structures have a volcano and how are their characteristics? __** The types of eruptions according to the temperature of magma, the quantity of ashes and their fluidity or viscosity, can be: **Strombolian. ** It comes from the Stromboli Island, located in the North of Sicily (Italy). This type of volcano is characterized by the lava predominance but also it emits some gases and ashes. **Vulcanian **. It owns an average level of explosiveness, since, emits abundant pyroclasts, also it gives off something of lava.
 * Hawaian **. This type of volcano receives the name of Hawaiian because they are originated in Hawaii, like for example the called Manua Loa. Mainly it is characterized by a very fluid magma.

**Pelean.** This type of volcano forms the called fire clouds (a set of ashes, lapilli, bombs, etc that are at high temperatures and devastate all around of the volcano) and it is characterized by a high explosiveness.

Paying attention on structure of volcanoes, they can be one or another one type of volcano according to the types of eruptions that it has, and is the following:
 * Vesuvian.** These volcanoes have eruptions of very high explosiveness in which lava is expelled from fast solidification.
 * Volcanoes in shield:** They are formed by the eruptions of the Hawaiian type volcano, since they are volcanoes with a very ample base but with little height. This is produced because lava is very fluid and it gives time him to cross much distance before cooling off when leaving the interior and it is very distributed by the surface.

**Stratovolcanoes or composited volcanoes:** They are volcanoes produced by Strombolian eruptions, which a typical volcano cone is composed by sedimentary layers of ash and lava. Normally they have a considerable height.

**Volcanoes with lava dome:** They are produced frequently on volcanoes with vulcanian or pelean eruptions. The dome is an obstacle produced in the crater of the volcano that difficult the exit of the magma although sometimes it does not cause that it explodes but simply makes difficult the exit of lava.

**Volcanoes with caldera**: They are produced frequently on volcanoes with vesuvian or pelean eruptions. Their structure occurs when a volcano explodes, since it causes a hole bigger than the own volcano. When it rains these caldera is filled of water. This water makes contact with the magma through infiltrations up to enter in contact both. This phenomenon causes another strong explosion that makes enlarge the caldera still more. There are more types of volcanoes like illustrate the next photograph:



<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">But all the volcanoes have a common structure. Their the parts are the following:



=** __Real cases of a volcano eruptions through history__ **=

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">**[|Krakatoa]** is a well-known volcano that has entered eruption in several occasions, massively and with disastrous consequences throughout history. It receives its name because it takes place in Krakatoa Island, located in Indonesia. It haves a height of 813 metres. The firsts eruptions were in May of 1883 and in August of that same year an enormous explosion that made discompose the island in pieces. This explosion was produced because the magma camera entered in contact with ocean water and it generates big quantity of gas inside the volcano and the pressure being risen up to the explosion.
 * [|The Vesuvian mount]** is an active volcano of vesuvian type, located in the province of Naples (Italy). It has 1281 metres height and their famous eruption was produced the 24th August of the year 79. On this eruption the cities of Pompei and Erculan were buried. This volcano is considered one of the most dangerous volcanos of the world, since it has violent eruptions. It is dangerous that the volcano enters in eruptions because live more than three million inhabitants around it.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">**[|Mount Pelée]** is an active volcano located in the Caribbean. It has an altitude of 1397 metres and is a high and conical volcano, composed of viscous magma and rests of ashes and pyroclasts solidified. The eruption was produced the 8th May of 1902 and caused more than 30000 deads, almost all by asphyxia.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">**[|Mount Saint Helens]** is an asset estratovolcano located in Washington (in United States of America), and its altitude is of 2550 meters. This volcano is known by its explosion on 18th May of 1980 that forms a caldera on the side of volcano. It produced one of the most disasters in history of the United States. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> **__Explanation of supervolcano at Yellowstone Park__** <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'mso-ansi-language;">A supervolcano is a type of volcano that produces major and more voluminous eruptions on Earth. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'mso-ansi-language;">This is not a normal volcano, because it is an underground accumulation of magma on called magma chamber. What it happens is that when not being able to release pressure to be under earth, the magma it is accumulated, increasing the pressure until it explodes. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Yellowstone is a supervolcano that caused successive eruptions through geological history of planet, that give form to called National Park of Yellowstone is located in the United States. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The last one of the most impressive eruptions happened 640,000 years ago, and went 3,000 times superior to the eruption of the Vesuvian mount. This explosion covered with ashes and volcanic rocks big part of the territory that today is the United States, all the occidental zone, central part of the country, and inclusively it arrived at which today it is Mexico. Nevertheless, it was not the major of the volcano, although it was the last massive one, since soon they continued eruptions but of smaller reach. The most violent eruption of the volcano of Yellowstone happened 2.1 million years ago, which 2450 km has been expelled from volcano. The vulcanologycal activity it is demonstrated nowadays with geysers. The most popular geyser on this park it is called Old Faithful and it is told that each time which it eruptions (every 90 minutes) it is less time to explosion of Yellowstone volcano.



<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-GB; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA;">An eruption of Yellowstone’s supervolcano may affect all the elements on the Earth, including humanity. Actually, an explosion of these characteristics would cause a global change in all of senses because Earth would become an inhospitable planet because the climate systems are altered. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">First of all, when a explosion similar to this happens, a cloud of gases and little particles like ashes, goes to the atmosphere and then are accumulated on high layers (stratosphere). These particles avoid the entrance of solar radiation and the Earth loses energy (heat). If this phenomenon lasts a long period of time, it is produced a nuclear winter. A nuclear winter is produced when really it is summer but the loss of heat of the world causes rains and cold climatology. If this phenomenon it is produced by a supervolcano, it causes an abrupt climate change. The last eruption of the Yellowstone volcano did a big change because we entered on Ice Age.
 * __<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How will affect an eruption of Yellowstone’s volcano at global systems and population? __**

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If volcan would enter now on eruption, apart from death and hurted people, population are been in danger because we would need an adaptation according to low temperatures. Population surely would decrease and almost of us, would death. After all, some species of animals have disappeared and we are, in fact, animals. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; mso-spacerun: yes; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-GB; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msospacerun: yes;">

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